John McCalpin

FEBRUARY 17, 2025

Understanding sustained memory bandwidth in these systems starts with assuming 100% utilization and then reviewing the factors that get in the way (e.g., This requires a completely different approach to modeling the memory system — one based on Little’s Law from queueing theory.

Latency 71

Latency Hardware Cache Systems 71

DZone

FEBRUARY 27, 2025

Multimodal data processing is the evolving need of the latest data platforms powering applications like recommendation systems, autonomous vehicles, and medical diagnostics. Handling multimodal data spanning text, images, videos, and sensor inputs requires resilient architecture to manage the diversity of formats and scale.

Efficiency 130

Efficiency Processing Latency Storage 130

The Netflix TechBlog

FEBRUARY 14, 2025

It requires a state-of-the-art system that can track and process these impressions while maintaining a detailed history of each profiles exposure. In this multi-part blog series, we take you behind the scenes of our system that processes billions of impressions daily.

Tuning 166

Tuning Latency Efficiency Storage 166

The Netflix TechBlog

MAY 4, 2023

Behind the scenes, a myriad of systems and services are involved in orchestrating the product experience. These backend systems are consistently being evolved and optimized to meet and exceed customer and product expectations. This blog series will examine the tools, techniques, and strategies we have utilized to achieve this goal.

Traffic 347

Traffic Latency Tuning Systems 347

Scalegrid

FEBRUARY 24, 2025

Scaling RabbitMQ ensures your system can handle growing traffic and maintain high performance. Key Takeaways RabbitMQ improves scalability and fault tolerance in distributed systems by decoupling applications, enabling reliable message exchanges.

Best Practices 147

Best Practices Traffic Strategy Efficiency 147

Dynatrace

APRIL 10, 2025

In modern containerized environments, teams often deploy Kubernetes across mixed operating systems, creating a situation where both Linux and Windows nodes reside in the same cluster. While this hybrid architectural approach offers flexibility, it also introduces the need for unified observability.

Performance 147

Performance Java Operating System Infrastructure 147

DZone

FEBRUARY 27, 2024

Leveraging this hierarchical structure can significantly reduce latency and improve overall performance.

Cache 173

Cache Efficiency Architecture Design 173

The Netflix TechBlog

SEPTEMBER 18, 2024

These include challenges with tail latency and idempotency, managing “wide” partitions with many rows, handling single large “fat” columns, and slow response pagination. Data Model At its core, the KV abstraction is built around a two-level map architecture.

Latency 260

Latency Storage Cache Servers 260

The Netflix TechBlog

NOVEMBER 3, 2022

As the number of Titus users increased over the years, the load and pressure on the system increased substantially. The original assumptions and architectural choices were no longer viable. Overview The figure below depicts a simplified high-level architecture of a single Titus cluster (a.k.a

Cache 233

Cache Latency Traffic Systems 233

Dynatrace

MAY 19, 2022

Every organization’s goal is to keep its systems available and resilient to support business demands. Lastly, error budgets, as the difference between a current state and the target, represent the maximum amount of time a system can fail per the contractual agreement without repercussions. Example 1: Architecture boundaries.

Automotive 290

Automotive Latency Architecture Azure 290

Dynatrace

JANUARY 14, 2022

The following figure shows the high-level architecture where any load testing solution (e.g. The optimization goal was to improve the application efficiency, that is to improve the ratio between service throughput and cloud costs while not increasing the application latency (e.g. below 500ms) and error rates (e.g. lower than 2%.).

Latency 246

Latency Tuning Efficiency AWS 246

Dynatrace

MAY 23, 2024

Stream processing One approach to such a challenging scenario is stream processing, a computing paradigm and software architectural style for data-intensive software systems that emerged to cope with requirements for near real-time processing of massive amounts of data. This significantly increases event latency.

Engineering 245

Engineering Tuning Latency Open Source 245

The Netflix TechBlog

SEPTEMBER 24, 2021

Table 1: Movie and File Size Examples Initial Architecture A simplified view of our initial cloud video processing pipeline is illustrated in the following diagram. Lastly, the packager kicks in, adding a system layer to the asset, making it ready to be consumed by the clients.

Cloud 242

Cloud Media Storage Cache 242

Dynatrace

DECEMBER 27, 2022

As more organizations embrace microservices-based architecture to deliver goods and services digitally, maintaining customer satisfaction has become exponentially more challenging. Latency is the time that it takes a request to be served. Define SLOs for each service. Reliability. This is what Dynatrace captures as response time.

Software 306

Software Software Benchmarking Latency 306

Dynatrace

FEBRUARY 4, 2021

Site reliability engineering (SRE) is the practice of applying software engineering principles to operations and infrastructure processes to help organizations create highly reliable and scalable software systems. SRE applies DevOps principles to developing systems and software that help increase site reliability and performance.

Engineering 264

Engineering DevOps Government Latency 264

Dynatrace

OCTOBER 1, 2021

As dynamic systems architectures increase in complexity and scale, IT teams face mounting pressure to track and respond to conditions and issues across their multi-cloud environments. Dynatrace news. But what is observability? Why is it important, and what can it actually help organizations achieve? What is observability?

Metrics 363

Metrics Open Source Monitoring Cloud 363

Dynatrace

SEPTEMBER 18, 2020

Cloud-based application architectures commonly leverage microservices. High latency or lack of responses. You receive an alert message from Dynatrace (your infrastructure observability hub) letting you know that the average response latency of all deployed APIs has tripled. Soaring number of active connections.

Infrastructure 263

Infrastructure Latency Metrics Cloud 263

The Netflix TechBlog

MARCH 1, 2021

It supports both high throughput services that consume hundreds of thousands of CPUs at a time, and latency-sensitive workloads where humans are waiting for the results of a computation. The first generation of this system went live with the streaming launch in 2007. Delivery?—?A

Serverless 235

Serverless Media Latency Social Media 235

Dynatrace

JANUARY 26, 2021

Traditional computing models rely on virtual or physical machines, where each instance includes a complete operating system, CPU cycles, and memory. Within this paradigm, it is possible to run entire architectures without touching a traditional virtual server, either locally or in the cloud. What is serverless computing?

Serverless 246

Serverless Efficiency Lambda Azure 246

The Netflix TechBlog

JANUARY 10, 2024

This architecture shift greatly reduced the processing latency and increased system resiliency. By integrating with studio content systems, we enabled the pipeline to leverage rich metadata from the creative side and create more engaging member experiences like interactive storytelling.

Processing 238

Processing Media Latency Innovation 238

Dynatrace

OCTOBER 3, 2024

Trace your application Imagine a microservices architecture with hundreds of dependencies. Without distributed tracing, pinpointing the cause of increased latency could take hours or even days. Interact with data intuitively and easily and benefit from immediate, AI-supported insights.

Performance 290

Performance Architecture Innovation Latency 290

The Netflix TechBlog

OCTOBER 8, 2024

Rajiv Shringi Vinay Chella Kaidan Fullerton Oleksii Tkachuk Joey Lynch Introduction As Netflix continues to expand and diversify into various sectors like Video on Demand and Gaming , the ability to ingest and store vast amounts of temporal data — often reaching petabytes — with millisecond access latency has become increasingly vital.

Latency 239

Latency Storage Traffic Tuning 239

Dynatrace

FEBRUARY 4, 2021

Site reliability engineering (SRE) is the practice of applying software engineering principles to operations and infrastructure processes to help organizations create highly reliable and scalable software systems. SRE applies DevOps principles to developing systems and software that help increase site reliability and performance.

Engineering 245

Engineering DevOps Government Latency 245

Scalegrid

OCTOBER 17, 2019

On modern Linux systems, the difference in overhead between forking a process and creating a thread is much lesser than it used to be. Moving to a multithreaded architecture will require extensive rewrites. The PostgreSQL Architecture | Source. The Connection Pool Architecture.

Architecture 200

Architecture Database Latency Servers 200

High Scalability

JANUARY 11, 2022

Architecture. The streaming data store makes the system extensible to support other use-cases (e.g. System Components. The system will comprise of several micro-services each performing a separate task. Sending and receiving messages from other users. High Level Design. Fetching User Feed. Optimization.

Design 334

Design Media Storage Logistics 334

The Netflix TechBlog

JUNE 4, 2019

Because microprocessors are so fast, computer architecture design has evolved towards adding various levels of caching between compute units and the main memory, in order to hide the latency of bringing the bits to the brains. This avoids thrashing caches too much for B and evens out the pressure on the L3 caches of the machine.

Cache 258

Cache Latency Airlines Logistics 258

The Netflix TechBlog

APRIL 27, 2023

Engineers want their alerting system to be realtime, reliable, and actionable. A few years ago, we were paged by our SRE team due to our Metrics Alerting System falling behind — critical application health alerts reached engineers 45 minutes late! In other words, false positives are bad but false negatives are the absolute worst!

Storage 297

Storage Cache Metrics Database 297

Dynatrace

NOVEMBER 3, 2021

Organizations are depending more and more on distributed architectures to provide application services. Logging provides additional data but is typically viewed in isolation of a broader system context. Monitoring is capturing and displaying data, whereas observability can discern system health by analyzing its inputs and outputs.

Monitoring 264

Monitoring Metrics DevOps Scalability 264

Dynatrace

JANUARY 31, 2024

GenAI is prone to erratic behavior due to unforeseen data scenarios or underlying system issues. Figure 1: Sample RAG architecture While this approach significantly improves the response quality of GenAI applications, it also introduces new challenges.

Cache 276

Cache Azure Infrastructure Monitoring 276

The Netflix TechBlog

JUNE 13, 2023

This is where large-scale system migrations come into play. By collecting and analyzing key performance metrics of the service over time, we can assess the impact of the new changes and determine if they meet the availability, latency, and performance requirements. But what happens when this machinery needs a transformation?

Traffic 285

Traffic Metrics Systems Strategy 285

Dynatrace

DECEMBER 22, 2021

Complex information systems fail in unexpected ways. Observability gives developers and system operators real-time awareness of a highly distributed system’s current state based on the data it generates. With observability, teams can understand what part of a system is performing poorly and how to correct the problem.

Artificial Intelligence 245

Artificial Intelligence Metrics Architecture DevOps 245

The Netflix TechBlog

FEBRUARY 9, 2021

The whole system was quite complex, and starting to become brittle. Plus, the architecture of the Edge tier was evolving to a PaaS (platform as a service) model, and we had some tough decisions to make about how, and where, to handle identity token handling. The API server orchestrates backend systems to authenticate the user.

Architecture 228

Architecture Latency Servers Website 228

Dynatrace

APRIL 5, 2021

AWS Lambda enables organizations to access many types of functions from AWS’ cloud-based services, such as: Data processing, to execute code based on triggers, system states, or user actions. You will likely need to write code to integrate systems and handle complex tasks or incoming network requests.

Lambda 258

Lambda AWS Serverless Hardware 258

The Netflix TechBlog

MARCH 7, 2023

But we cannot search or present low latency retrievals from files Etc. Marken Architecture Marken’s architecture diagram is as follows. Marken Architecture Marken’s architecture diagram is as follows. We do that by excluding the following from all queries in our system.

Media 272

Media Latency Architecture Database 272

The Morning Paper

OCTOBER 11, 2020

Orbital edge computing: nanosatellite constellations as a new class of computer system , Denby & Lucia, ASPLOS’20. Only space system architects don’t call it request-response, they call it a ‘ bent-pipe architecture.’. Nanosatellite systems have a GSD of around 3.0m/px. Satellites are changing! Physical constraints.

Systems 125

Systems Latency Architecture Energy 125

Dynatrace

APRIL 7, 2021

Organizations are rapidly adopting multicloud architectures to achieve the agility needed to drive customer success through new digital service channels. Park ‘N Fly’s business relies on successfully integrating its booking system with its custom-built kiosks located at its off-airport parking lots. “As

Cloud 229

Cloud Monitoring Latency Games 229

Dynatrace

MAY 31, 2023

Uptime Institute’s 2022 Outage Analysis report found that over 60% of system outages resulted in at least $100,000 in total losses, up from 39% in 2019. Microservices-based architectures and software containers enable organizations to deploy and modify applications with unprecedented speed. Make SLOs realistic.

Best Practices 246

Best Practices DevOps Latency Metrics 246